Mostly for RHEL5 systems. Should work on any Linux distro.

## Preliminary notes

The config for `ntpd` is `/etc/ntp.conf`. These lines are of interest:

    server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org
    server 1.centos.pool.ntp.org
    server 2.centos.pool.ntp.org

They must be changed to whatever you have in mind for NTP servers. **Important**: You *must* also include these servers in the `/etc/ntp/step-tickers` file! This file will be found initially empty.
If you don't, you'll see something like this when restarting the NTP daemon:

    [root@localhost ntp]# /sbin/service ntpd start
    ntpd: Synchronizing with time server:            [FAILED]
    Starting ntpd:                                   [  OK  ]

The NTP port is **123** and must be open in your iptables rules to allow synchronization.

## The University of Iowa NTP servers

As mentioned earlier, these need to be in the `step-tickers` file.

    ntp1.uiowa.edu
    ntp2.uiowa.edu
    ntp3.uiowa.edu

## How Time Zones work in Linux

**Important**: The NTP servers do *not* provide timezone-specific data! All they provide is UTC time. This data is then adjusted by `ntpd` in conjunction with `/etc/localtime`.

The `/etc/localtime` file has a list of the zone offsets (going till 2038; the 32-bit problem) and, importantly, the dates on which the clock is moved forward and backward (for the Daylight Savings crap.) To see the contents of this file, you have to use `zdump`:

    zdump -v /etc/localtime | grep 2010

This will show how the clock is adjusted w.r.t. timezone and DST:

    /etc/localtime  Sun Mar 14 07:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Mar 14 01:59:59 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
    /etc/localtime  Sun Mar 14 08:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Mar 14 03:00:00 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    /etc/localtime  Sun Nov  7 06:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Nov  7 01:59:59 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    /etc/localtime  Sun Nov  7 07:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Nov  7 01:00:00 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600

Comprehensive timezone resources are located in `/usr/share/zoneinfo`. It's the directory utilized by, for example, Anaconda to set your timezone at install. Here's a sample tree view of the contents of this folder.

    America
    |-- Anguilla
    |-- Antigua
    |-- Araguaina
    |-- Argentina
    |   |-- Buenos_Aires
    |   |-- Catamarca
    |   |-- ComodRivadavia
    |   |-- Cordoba
    |   |-- Jujuy
    |   |-- La_Rioja
    |   |-- Mendoza
    |   |-- Rio_Gallegos
    |   |-- Salta
    |   |-- San_Juan
    |   |-- San_Luis
    |   |-- Tucuman
    |   -- Ushuaia
    |-- Aruba
    |-- Asuncion
    |-- Atikokan
    .
    .
    .

To manually adjust your timezone, you just need to symlink the correct resource file to `/etc/localtime`.

For US zones, the naming scheme is slightly weird. Here's a table of files for four US timezones. They are at the root of `/usr/share/zoneinfo`

| Time Zone | File in `/usr/share/zoneinfo` |
|-----------|-------------------------------|
| Eastern   | `EST5EDT`                     |
| Central   | `CST6CDT`                     |
| Mountain  | `MST7MDT`                     |
| Pacific   | `PST8PDT`                     |

Again, use `zdump` to view/verify these files.

## Adjusting Time Zones

### The simple way

You just have to symlink the correct time resource file to `/etc/localtime`. For instance, if I'm in the America/Chicago timezone:

    mv /etc/localtime /etc/localtime.backup
    ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Chicago /etc/localtime
    service ntpd restart

### tzselect

If you don't want to bother with pesky symlinking to update `/etc/localtime`, you can always use `tzselect`. It's a small, interactive command-line utility which will generate a string like this that you can add to `~/.bash_profile`

    TZ='Africa/Porto-Novo'; export TZ

## Fixing Daylight Savings Issues

A `zdump` of the `/etc/localtime` file will yield what the local system does at certain dates.

    zdump -v /etc/localtime

Look at the output. If you see the correct dates for Daylight Savings, you're good. For example,

    /etc/localtime  Sun Mar 14 07:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Mar 14 01:59:59 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
    /etc/localtime  Sun Mar 14 08:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Mar 14 03:00:00 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    /etc/localtime  Sun Nov  7 06:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Nov  7 01:59:59 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    /etc/localtime  Sun Nov  7 07:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Nov  7 01:00:00 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600

Which seems correct, since the time jumped ahead an hour on March 14. But here's some worrisome output:

    /etc/localtime  Sun Apr  4 07:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Apr  4 01:59:59 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
    /etc/localtime  Sun Apr  4 08:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Apr  4 03:00:00 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    /etc/localtime  Sun Oct 31 06:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Oct 31 01:59:59 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    /etc/localtime  Sun Oct 31 07:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Oct 31 01:00:00 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600

In this case, you'll need to update the timezone files in `/usr/share/zoneinfo`.

**Note:** The timezone files are all compiled with [`zic`](http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=8&topic=zic)

### The easy way - Use YUM

One way to do it is to update the `tzdata` RPM.

    yum update tzdata

This should fetch and install the correct files.

### The hard way - Compile with Zic

Download the latest data. This is the file as of 2010:

    wget ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzdata2010f.tar.gz

They don't extract to a directory, so make sure you create one! Now compile zone files using `zic` with this syntax:

    zic -d <directory to extract to> <name of zone file>

Let's try it for North America. The file to compile is called `northamerica`. Let's compile the results to `tempdir`

    zic -d tempdir northamerica

Now verify that the newly compiled files have the correct DST offsets:

    [root@localhost tempdir]# zdump -v tempdir/CST6CDT | grep 2010
    CST6CDT  Sun Mar 14 07:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Mar 14 01:59:59 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600
    CST6CDT  Sun Mar 14 08:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Mar 14 03:00:00 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    CST6CDT  Sun Nov  7 06:59:59 2010 UTC = Sun Nov  7 01:59:59 2010 CDT isdst=1 gmtoff=-18000
    CST6CDT  Sun Nov  7 07:00:00 2010 UTC = Sun Nov  7 01:00:00 2010 CST isdst=0 gmtoff=-21600

Woohoo! Now you can copy these over to `/usr/share/zoneinfo`:

    [root@localhost tempdir]# cp -r * /usr/share/zoneinfo/

Now remove the old `/etc/localtime` and symlink the newly compiled zone file:

    [root@localhost tempdir]# rm -f /etc/localtime
    [root@localhost tempdir]# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/CST6CDT /etc/localtime

Restart `ntpd` and you're good to go!

## Resources

1.  [Update Linux and FreeBSD systems for new Daylight Saving Time
    setting](http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6163042.html)
2.  [Date, Time and Time Zones for Red Hat
    Linux](http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/RH-Linux-Time.html) - Excellent
    overview of NTP and date and time utilities.